Data Modelling Cookbook

Real Estate Properties

For tokenizing real estate, model the property itself as the object. Include both immutable identifiers and mutable state.

Key properties: address, square footage, bedrooms, bathrooms, price, current status (available/sold/pending), geolocation coordinates, property tax ID, year built.

Actions: reserve (locks for 48 hours), purchase (transfers ownership + records on-chain), transfer (change owner), update-listing (price, status).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "com.realestate.property::v1",
  "description": "Tokenized real estate property",
  "private": {
    "address": "123 Main St, Springfield, IL",
    "sqft": 3500,
    "bedrooms": 4,
    "bathrooms": 2.5,
    "price_usd": 450000,
    "status": "available",
    "geo_latitude": 39.7817,
    "geo_longitude": -89.6501,
    "property_tax_id": "IL-555-123-456",
    "year_built": 2005,
    "listing_agent": "agent@broker.com",
    "last_updated": "2026-03-14T10:00:00Z"
  }
}

Event Tickets

Event tickets are a perfect use case for DUAL — unique, transferable, and time-limited.

Key properties: event name, venue, date/time, seat assignment, ticket tier (VIP/standard/general), admission status (not-used/used/refunded), seat section, row, number.

Actions: validate (check-in), transfer (resale), refund (mark as refunded), update-metadata (event changed).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "io.eventtech.ticket::v1",
  "description": "Event admission ticket",
  "private": {
    "event_name": "Summer Music Festival 2026",
    "venue": "Central Park, NYC",
    "event_date": "2026-07-15T18:00:00Z",
    "event_id": "EVT-2026-SUMMER",
    "seat_section": "A",
    "seat_row": "12",
    "seat_number": "45",
    "tier": "VIP",
    "price_usd": 250,
    "is_used": false,
    "checked_in_at": null,
    "transferable_until": "2026-07-15T17:00:00Z"
  }
}

Loyalty Points

Loyalty points can be tokenized for transparency and transferability. Model as an object with a mutable balance and history.

Key properties: current balance, tier level (bronze/silver/gold), earn rate multiplier, redemption history (array of past redemptions), expiry date, program ID.

Actions: earn (add points), redeem (deduct points, create reward), transfer (move between wallets), tier-upgrade (promotion).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "com.retail.loyaltypoints::v1",
  "description": "Tokenized loyalty program points",
  "private": {
    "program_id": "ELITE_REWARDS",
    "holder_name": "John Doe",
    "current_balance": 5250,
    "tier": "gold",
    "earn_rate_multiplier": 2.0,
    "points_earned_total": 12500,
    "points_redeemed_total": 7250,
    "redemption_history": [
      {"date": "2026-02-01", "points": 1000, "reward": "dinner_voucher"},
      {"date": "2026-01-15", "points": 500, "reward": "discount_code"}
    ],
    "tier_upgrade_date": "2026-01-01",
    "expires_at": "2027-03-14"
  }
}

Certificates & Credentials

Professional credentials, certificates, and diplomas are ideal DUAL use cases — immutable, verifiable, and transferable.

Key properties: holder name, issue date, expiry date, issuing organization, credential type (degree/certification/license), verification status, issuer digital signature.

Actions: verify (issuer confirms), revoke (remove validity), renew (extend expiry), update-holder (name change).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "io.credentialing.certificate::v1",
  "description": "Professional certificate or credential",
  "private": {
    "holder_name": "Jane Smith",
    "holder_email": "jane@example.com",
    "credential_type": "aws_solutions_architect",
    "issuer": "Amazon Web Services",
    "issued_date": "2024-05-15",
    "expiry_date": "2027-05-15",
    "credential_id": "AWS-12345-67890",
    "score_or_grade": "98%",
    "verification_status": "verified",
    "issuer_signature": "0x...",
    "issuer_public_key": "0x..."
  }
}

Collectibles & NFTs

Digital collectibles and NFTs benefit from DUAL's rich metadata and action system. Include edition information, rarity, and media references.

Key properties: name, artist/creator, edition number, total editions, rarity (common/rare/epic/legendary), media URL, metadata hash, creation date.

Actions: transfer (resale), list-for-sale (marketplace), delist, burn (retire).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "io.collectibles.nft::v1",
  "description": "Digital collectible with edition tracking",
  "private": {
    "name": "Cosmic Wanderer #42",
    "artist": "Luna Studios",
    "artist_wallet": "0x742d35Cc6634C0532925a3b844Bc9e7595f50e7e",
    "edition_number": 42,
    "total_editions": 500,
    "rarity": "rare",
    "media_url": "ipfs://QmXxxx...",
    "media_type": "image/png",
    "metadata_hash": "0xabcd1234...",
    "created_date": "2025-11-20",
    "secondary_sale_royalty_percent": 10
  }
}

Supply Chain Items

Track physical goods through a supply chain with location history, handler changes, and condition monitoring.

Key properties: SKU, origin location, current location, temperature readings, current handler, timestamp array, chain-of-custody entries.

Actions: transfer-custody (handoff), update-location (GPS), flag-issue (damage/temperature alert), finalize (delivery complete).

Example template schema:

{
  "name": "com.supplychain.shipment::v1",
  "description": "Supply chain item with location and custody tracking",
  "private": {
    "sku": "WIDGET-2024-001",
    "product_name": "Industrial Widget",
    "quantity": 500,
    "origin": "Shanghai, China",
    "origin_facility": "FAC-SHANGHAI-01",
    "destination": "Los Angeles, USA",
    "current_location": "Hong Kong Port",
    "current_handler": "Global Logistics Inc",
    "current_handler_id": "handler-7822",
    "temperature_readings": [
      {"timestamp": "2026-03-14T08:00:00Z", "celsius": 22.5},
      {"timestamp": "2026-03-14T12:00:00Z", "celsius": 23.1}
    ],
    "custody_chain": [
      {"handler": "Origin Warehouse", "transferred_at": "2026-03-01", "signature": "0x..."},
      {"handler": "Shanghai Port", "transferred_at": "2026-03-05", "signature": "0x..."}
    ],
    "issues_flagged": [],
    "estimated_delivery": "2026-04-15"
  }
}